Topic- General Pharmacology

1. Drugs following zero order kinetics have narrow margin of safety              
2. Enumerate factor modifying drug action how liver, kidney, cardiac and thyroid status modify drug action give suitable examples                                        
3. Role of Placebo medicine                                                                  
4. Clinical Implication of zero order kinetics                                           
5. Some drug require therapeutic drug monitoring                                
6. First pass metabolism                                                                        
7. Plateau principle                                                                                
8. Liposomes                                                                                        
9. Atracurium is preferred in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction
10. Drug antagonism                                                                               
11. Define tachyphylaxis give suitable example                                      
12. Enumerate methods of prolongation of drug action                           
13. Define Pharmacogenetics with suitable example                             
14. Write advantages of sublingual route of drug administration, name the drugs given by this route                                                                                           
15. Elimination of weakly acidic drug in alkaline urine                            
16. Factors affecting absorption of a drug                                             
17. Mention first order kinetics give example                                        
18. Transdermal therapeutic system                                                     
19. Receptor Regulation                                                                         
20. Plasma t ½ and its clinical significance                                            
21. Why therapeutic drug monitoring is advice for patients on lithium therapy
22. What is rational drug use? give one suitable example                    
23. What is enzyme induction? mention its clinical significance            
24. Explain why adrenaline is a life saving drug in certain conditions     
25. Essential drug concept                                                                       
26. Teratogenicity of drugs                                                                   
27. Name drugs causing disulfiram like reaction                                          
28. What is zero order kinetics give suitable examples                          
29. Bioavailability                                                                                    
30. Discuss anatomical passage and the enzyme involved in the first pass elimination of drugs giving special emphasis on its therapeutic implications of drug interaction and prolongation of drug effect
31. Mention essential drug definition and four examples                       
32. Patches of various drugs are used for clinical conditions                 

Autonomic nervous system

1. Anticholinergics are preferred in chronic bronchitis           
2. Drugs for open angle glaucoma                                         
3. Two contraindication of propranolol                                   
4. Adverse effect of atropine                                                  
5. Prostaglandin analogues in treatment of glaucoma          
6. Organophosphorus poisoning                                          
7. Classify beta blockers, mechanism of action, uses, adverse drug reaction of propranolol                                                                        
8. Latanoprost is used in wide angle glaucoma                    
9. Explain why neostigmine is preferred over physostigmine for the treatment of myasthenia gravis                                                              
10. Enumerate mydriatics and write their two uses                 
11. Dopamine is used in cardiogenic shock                            
12. Why Pilocarpine is indicated in acute angle glaucoma    
13.  Describe briefly drawbacks of using beta blocker in clinical practice  
14. Classify beta adrenergic receptor blocker agents? describe their pharmacological action,  therapeutic uses and adverse effects                   
15. Anaphylactic shock     
16. Adrenaline is drug of choice in anaphylactic shock                                                          
17.  Motion sickness treatment                                                       
18. Glaucoma treatment                                                                  
19. Organophosphorus poisoning treatment                                   
20. For Decurarization neostigmine is used along with atropine
21. Atenolol                                                                                    
22. Timolol is preferred over pilocarpine in glaucoma                    
23. Role of alpha blockers in BPH                                                  
24. Physostigmine and not neostigmine is used in atropine poisoning
25. Adrinaline is not used in treatment of hypotension                    
26. First dose effect of alpha blockers                                            
27. Contraindication of beta blockers in clinical practice                
28. Pralidoxime is used for the treatment of organophosphorus and not carbamate poisoning                                                                                  
29. Tamsulosin is preferred over prazosin for the treatment of BPH 
30. name the sites where beta adrenergic receptors are present and the response mediated by them                                                                     
31. Name commonly used nasal decongestants briefly write the mechanism of action and side effect.                                                                     
32. Flavoxate is used in bladder dysfunction.                             
33. write two uses and adverse effect of

– adrenaline          

–dicyclomine        

– prazosin             

-physostigmine      

–dopamine           

 – Tiotropium           

Autacoids and Related drugs

1. Four uses of H2 antihistaminics      
2. Two uses and adverse effects of indomethacin   
3. PCM toxicity and its antidote     
4. Migraine         
5. Advantage of second generation antihistamines over first generation  
6. Allopurinol is used in chronic gout but not in acute gout   
7. Aspirin should be stopped one week before planned surgery   
8. Misoprostol is used for the treatment of NSAID induced peptic ulcer  
9. Write mechanism of action of N- acetylcysteine for treating paracetamol poisoning
10. Drugs for acute attack of gouty arthritis   
11. Use of sumatripten in acute attack of migraine    
12. Antiplatelet action of aspirin starts earlier than analgesic action  
13. Name disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD,S)   
14. Classify antihistaminic drugs discuss role of LT modifiers and write indications of montelukast 
15. Aspirin is used in low dose is antiplatelet drug      
16. Ranitidine is used as anti allergic drug
17. Current status of aspirin as antiplatelet agents      
18. Misoprostol is used to prevent NSAID induced gastropathy   
19. Pharmacological basis of IV dinoprostone in pregnant women
20. Pharmacological basis of clopidogrel in treatment of MI  
21. Pharmacological basis of methotrexate in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis   
22. Ergometrine                
23. Mesalazine is used only as coated or delayed release preparation in ulcerative colitis
24. Two uses and two adverse effect of

Ibuprofen        allopurinol        probenecid           sumatriptan   

Respiratory system

1. Why mucolytics are used in productive cough?
2. Short Note- Moderately severe asthma  
3. Explain why i.v. corticosteroids are administered before inhalational bronchodilators in patient with status asthmaticus  
4. classify drugs used in bronchial asthma discuss mechanism of action adverse effect clinical status of beta 2 agonist
5. Codeine is used for treatment of dry cough only ?
6. Two uses and two side effects of dextromethorphan  
7. Why Antihistaminic are not effective for treatment of bronchial asthma  ? 
8. Short Note- Acute attack of bronchial asthma Management    
9. Status asthmaticus treatment    
10. glucocorticoids and beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonist are mainstay of therapy of bronchial asthma    

Hormones and related drugs

1. Describe therapeutic uses and adverse reactions of anabolic steroid 
2. Role of uterine relaxant in clinical practice                                          
3. Radioactive iodine for hyperthyroidism                                               
4. Adverse effect of corticosteroids                                                 
5. Combination pill for contraception                                                       
6. Diabetic ketoacidosis                                                                           
7. Insulin                                                                                                   
8. Therapeutic uses of oxytocin                                                                
9. Note on newer insulin                                                                        
10. what is HPA axis suppression, while using glucocorticoids? write measures to reduce it.                                                                    
11. Enumerate Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators(SERM)  and write their uses
12. Explain mechanism of action of combined oral contraceptive pills  
13. Drugs used in treatment of osteoporosis                                          
14. Enumerate therapeutic uses and adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy
15. various insulin preparations and indications of insulin             
16. Benefits of use of combined OCP       
17. Name an ovulation inducing agent and its mechanism of action.   
18. Enumerate newer insulin how do they differ from older insulin     
19. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis                                             
20. Rationality or irrationality on combined use of cortisol and fludrocortisone in Addison’s disease           
21. Management of thyroid storm                                   
22. Therapeutic uses and adverse effect of biguànides     
23. Oxytocin for induction of labour                               
24. Bromocriptine for suppression of lactation               
25. Acarbose in diabetes mellitus                                  
26. Various drugs for pph                                             
27. Mention adverse effect of oestrogen therapy                 
28. Mention clomiphene citrate dose, route and adverse effects.
29. Anabolic steroid                                                                    
30. Classify insulin analogues, mention advantages of rapidly acting analogues 
31. Guidelines for using oral contraceptive pills
32. Highlight the therapeutic uses and adverse effect of estrogens  
33. Compare and contrast the important peculiarities of propylthiouracil and carbimazole
34. Clomiphene                                                                     
35. Role of oxytocin in obstetric patient                                                 
36. Mifepristone                                                                     
37. Uses of corticosteroid                                                
38. Human insulin                                                                                    
39. Injectable hormonal contraceptives                                                  
40.  Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)                              
41. Drug treatment of osteoporosis                                                          
42. Pioglitazone                                                                                          
43.  Fluticasone                                                                                     
44.  Oxytocin                                                                                               
45.  Carbimazole                                                                                    
46.  Metformin                                  
47. Adverse effect of corticosteroids                                       
48. Sildenafil in in erectile dysfunction                
49. Insulin in pregnancy                          
50. Mechanism of action and adverse drug reaction of carbimazole

PNS (LA + Skeletal muscles relaxant)

1. Lignocaine    
2. Mechanism of action of lignocaine    
3. Explain why dantrolene sodium is used in malignant hyperthermia  
4. Large dose of lignocaine is needed for infected area  
5. Advantages of adding a vasoconstrictor to a local anesthetic   
6. Bupivacaine is preferred epidural anesthetic for painless delivery and postoperative analgesia 

Central Nervous system

1. Four uses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors  
2. Atypical antidepressant    
3. classify antiepileptic, describe sodium valproate and pharmacotherapy of status epilepticus      
4. Benzodiazepines are preferred over barbiturates as sedative hypnotics   
5. Ethanol is used for the treatment of methanol poisoning   
6. Levodopa is combined with carbidopa/ decarboxylase inhibitors    
7. Advantages of fosphenytoin over phenytoin  
8. Levodopa not dopamine used in treatment of parkinsonism    
9. Sodium valproate acid   
10. anticholinergic drugs and not levodopa is drug of choice in iatrogenic parkinsonism
11. Morphine sulphate is not absorbed by stomach
12. Drug used as preanesthetic medication 
13. Ultra short action of thiopentone sodium     
14. Discuss in detail drugs used in parkinsonism    
15. Methadone is used in treatment of morphine addicts 
16. Morphine is contraindicated in patients of head injury   
17. Why haloperidol is preferred drug for treatment of acute schizophrenia
18. Spinal anesthesia    
19. ketamine is preferred to thiopental for induction of general anesthesia
20. What are the advantages of SSRI over tricyclic antidepressant  
21. Preanesthetic agents   
22. Parkinsonism   
23. Methyl alcohol poisoning         
24. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor     
25. New antiepileptic drugs                             
26. Discuss pharmacological basis of the treatment of opioid drug dependence  
27. atypical antipsychotic drugs produces less incidence of drug induced parkinsonism
28. Two uses and two adverse effects of –
29. Lithium     
30. Diazepam 
31.  Tramadol  
32.  levodopa         
33. Opioid antagonist  
34. ketamine       
35. imipramine  

Cardiovascular drugs

1. Describe therapeutic uses, adverse effect of ACE-I  in cardiovascular diseases
2. Amlodipine for prophylaxis of angina pectoris  
3. Explain the mechanism of action of digoxin in treatment of congestive cardiac failure
4. Adverse effects of digoxin
5. Classify drugs used to treat congestive cardiac failure. describe mechanism of action, uses, side effect of ACE inhibitors  
6. Coronary steal phenomenon  
7. Pharmacological basis of using GTN for treatment of angina pectoris
8. Name the drugs used in treatment of chronic angina pectoris. describe mechanism of action, adverse effect and mode of administration of any one of them
9. Describe the mechanism of action of bile acid binding raisins in hyperlipidemia
10. Enumerate the drugs in angina. discuss mechanism of action and uses of nitrates
11. Angiotensin receptor blocker in hypertension 
12. Mention route and doses of drugs used in acute attack of angina 
13. Drugs for hypertensive emergencies 
14. Mention route and doses of drugs used in acute attack of angina.
15. Enumerate calcium channel blockers describe their therapeutic uses.
16. Status of enalapril in patients of essential hypertension 
17. Guidelines for using Diuretics in heart failure.  
18. Enumerate the drugs used in treatment of hypertension. describe mechanism of action mode of administration and important adverse effect  of any two such drugs
19. Pharmacological basis of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemia 
20. Pharmacological basis of nitroglycerine for angina pectoris
21. K sparing diuretics should not be given along with ace inhibitors
22. Vasodilators and diuretics are useful agents in treatment of congestive heart failure
23. ACE inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy                              
24. Statins in hyperlipidemia      
25. Clopidogril in treatment of myocardial infarction       
26. Enalapril and triamterene combination is contraindicated  
27. Enalapril in congestive heart failure   
28. Classify antihypertensive drugs. describe briefly mechanism of action and current therapeutic status    
29. Nitroglycerin            
30. Streptokinase         

Drugs acting on Kidney

1. Rational of combining furosemide with spironolactone          
2. Mechanism of action of antihypertensive action of thiazides    
3. Desmopressin is used in some patient of nocturnal enuresis    
4. Furosemide in left ventricular failure    
5. Furosemide        
6. Describe loop diuretics in detail    
7. Spironolactone as a diuretic        
8. Thiazide in diabetes insipidus     

Drugs affecting Blood

1. Mention name of the oral and parenteral iron preparation and their indications
2. Warfarin   
3. Uses of iron preparations   
4. Difference between heparin and warfarin   
5. Indications of streptokinase administration     
6. Compare conventional with low molecular weight heparin 
7. Clinical status of warfarin      
8. Name antiplatelet drugs how do they act   
9. low molecular weight heparin in deep vein thrombosis  
10. Low molecular weight heparin     
11. Parenteral iron therapy          
12. Enoxaparin       
13. ferrous sulphate    
14. Oral anticoagulants   

GIT Drugs

1. Magnesium and aluminum salts are combined in an antacid preparation   
2. Omeprazole    
3. PPI            
4. Role of glucose in ORS powder  
5. Role of sucralfate in peptic ulcer   
6. Omeprazole can cause prolonged and complete suppression of gastric acid than ranitidine/ famotidine    
7. Treatment of h pylori infection should be done in patient of peptic ulcer  
8. Drug combination used in h pylori infection   
9. What is ondansetron mention it uses      
10. Drug used in treatment of peptic ulcer describe mechanism of action adverse effect of these drugs     
11. Treatment of motion sickness   
12. Two uses and two side effects of – magnesium sulphate  – ondansetron       

Antimicrobial Agents 

1. Mechanism of action and adverse drug reaction of artemisinin group of drugs  
2. Drugs used in anaerobic infection
3. Indications of clarithromycin    
4. Acyclovir in treatment of herpes simplex viral infection   
5. Discuss the chemoprophylaxis of malaria  
6. Prevention of bacterial resistance  
7. Name two drugs used for treatment of AIDS 
8. Pediatric preparation of tetracycline not available in market        
9. HAART                   
10. Rifampicin              
11. Acyclovir                
12. Vancomycin           
13. Amikacin                
14. Amphotericin          
15. Acute amoebiasis   
16. Chloramphenicol     
17. Explain the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones as antimicrobial     
18. Treatment of mixed worm infestation   
19. What are lepra reactions how are they treated    
20. What is the rational for combining ampicillin with sulbactam  
21. Uses of metronidazole   
22. Why is pyridoxine given to patients who are on treatment with isoniazid
23. Describe treatment of multi bacillary leprosy     
24. Beta lactamase inhibitors                                 
25. Describe role of cephalosporin in treatment of enteric fever  
26. Pharmacotherapy of chloroquine resistant malaria     
27. Pharmacological basis of use of benzathine penicillin in syphilis  
28. Drug treatment of extraintestinal amoebiasis        
29. Pharmacological features of fluoroquinolones    
30. Protease inhibitors        
31. Rational of combination of imipenem and cilastatin in therapy  
32. Therapeutic status of fluconazole as antifungal agent   
33. Pharmacological basis for the use of metronidazole in anaerobic infection  
34. rationality or irrationality on combined use of rifampicin and oral contraceptives  
35. Mention drug therapy for falciparum malaria     
36. Management of lepromatous leprosy         
37. Loading dose of chloroquine used in malaria treatment      
38. Antibiotic resistance        
39. Discuss misuse of antibiotics        
40. Chemoprophylaxis of tuberculosis  
41. Enumerate extended spectrum penicillin describe their therapeutic use    
42. Adverse effect of chloroquine enumerate precautions and contraindications for it use in clinical practice             
43. Describe importance of azithromycin in clinical practice   
44. Drugs used in anaerobic bacterial infection discuss their adverse effect and contraindication                                        
45. Describe mechanism of action and adverse effect of isoniazid  
46. Fluoroquinolones       
47. Third generation cephalosporins    
48. Zidovudine in HIV infection        
49. Pyrantel pamoate in hookworm infection  
50. Treatment of scabies    
51. Mebendazole in worm infestation   
52. Sodium stibogluconate     
53. Nitrofurantoin as urinary antiseptic     
54. Drugs used in pseudomembranous colitis   
55. Beta lactamase inhibitors      
56. Drugs used in chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria    
57. Gentamicin               
58. Super infection /Supra infection       
59. Griseofulvin                 
60. Metronidazole            
61. Cotrimoxazole as anti infective agent      
62. Classify and enumerate antimicrobial agents effective against gram-negative bacterial infections. Discuss the mechanism of action, adverse effects, precautions and uses of gentamicin    
63. Pharmacological basis of corticosteroids in treatment of tuberculosis      
64. Pharmacological basis of artemisinin derivatives in treatment of malaria  
65. Prevention of bacterial resistance    
66. Drug treatment of UTI          
67. Uses of interferons as antiviral therapy   
68. DOTS therapy                       
69. Combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid   
70. Sparfloxacin      
71. Terbinafine         
72. Surgical chemoprophylaxis               
73. Treatment of acute attack of plasmodium vivax malaria   

Miscellaneous plus cancer

1. Drug drug treatment of acne vulgaris                                        
2. What are chelating agents give two examples                         
3. Role of chelating agents in heavy metal poisoning                  
4. Dimercaprol in arsenic poisoning                                              
5. Describe mechanism of action of B A L in heavy metal toxicity  
6. Desferroxamine                            
7. Deferiprone                                   
8. Tamoxifen in carcinoma breast    
9. Imatinib                                         
10. Methotrexate as an antineoplastic agent                     
11. Leucovorin in patient of high dose methotrexate         
12. Mesna in patient on cyclophosphamide                      
13. Write mechanism of action and important use of cetrimide  (also read ethanol as antiseptic as it is thoroughly used during Covid-19 pandemic)
14. Vitamin D
15. Vitamin C                                                                        
16. T/t of scabies